linux

Linux.......
  
    

    hello and welcome to the techisagar
 in today's.. I will give you guys
  a  quick introduction to Linux and 
 I'm gonna show you how to use some 
 very useful introductory Linux
 commands using a terminal window 
now just to be clear this is a course 
for beginners who want to learn how to
use command on a Linux terminal now
for  those of you guys who are not 
familiar with Linux at all let's give
 you a quick  perspective Linux is
 not Unix UNIX  was created by a bunch
 of AT&T employees in 1969 Linux was 
written by a name AGGA by a guy named 
Linus  travolt who created the entire 
thing by himself and released it 
around 1991  now Linux is a powerful 
operating system but it is especially 
designed for server systems and 90% of
 the world's fastest computers like
supercomputers run on  some form of 
Linux and this is because a rock-solid 
system okay so that was a quick history
 on Linux that was just to give you a 
perspective now Linux and UNIX are
 different just remember that now one 
more thing before we dive in Linux
 comes in many different varieties 
which are called distros or
distributions in this tutorial we 
will Use the popular Ubuntu
 distribution of Linux but there are
 others out there as well such as 
Fedora mint and Debian and more even 
Android is a Linux distribution so the
 basic commands we
 will rerun it we will be running and 
learning today can be generally used
 on almost all different Linux 
distributions alright so let me go 
ahead and launch Linux and I just 
wanna let you know I'm running Linux 
on my Windows so what you do is you 
install VirtualBox which is right here
 so let me launch that and inside a 
virtual box you can install any 
operating system possible so I have 
put Ubuntu Linux in side of VirtualBox 
on my Windows 7 machine ok so let me 
run this up and I just wanna let you 
know you can actually find a link in 
the description below which tells you 
how to install VirtualBox and Linux on 
your windows 7 .
        if you want to go ahead and do
 that but this is the Ubuntu Linux 
that is launching right now ok so here 
you're looking at bound to Linux and 
before we dive into the commands I'm 
going to show you something real 
quick what you're seeing here all 
these icons all this desktop all this 
nice graphical features this is called 
the GUI GUI this is called the 
graphical user interface now we're not
 worried about that today what we're
worried about is the CLI which is 
called a command line interface so you 
have to launch a terminal to go into 
the command line interface and then 
once you are search for an app you can
 type in terminal which brings up the
 terminal right here and then you can
 actually click that and that is the 
terminal we will be working with all 
right so the first command we will be 
looking at today is the PWD command 
oops it's not typing okay p WD command 
PWD command stands for print working 
directory so when I press ENTER it 
actually tells me which directory I am
 currently located at so if I go to 
my own folder browser I am actually in 
home sake which is right here so I'm 
looking at all these guys on my 
command prompt.
      now the second command I want to 
show you guys is the LS command when 
you press LS it gives you a listing of 
everything which is in the current 
directory so the current directory is 
the sake directory which is my 
username and under home inside of
home I've got all these guys so I've
got the desktop downloads music public 
videos and if you come over here that's
 all the same stuff you're gonna see
 in a regular File Explorer so here's
 the desktop documents downloads music
 same stuff that you see here so that 
is the LS command it's it's it stands 
for list and when you list it lists 
whatever is inside of your current 
directory again PWD stands for print
 working directory so it tells you 
where you are currently located in
now as you can see when you have a 
pretty graphical user interface you 
can see everything right in front of 
you but if you have a command line 
interface like this one a terminal 
you're not gonna be able to see 
anything so if I clear this that's 
all you see so you have no idea where 
you are okay so to see where you are 
PWD to see what you have at where you 
are you type in list now the next
command I'm going to show you is 
called a CD command and CD command
 has a lot of variations CD is used
 for navigation so let's say I want 
to go to the Downloads folder.   
       how do I go there I type in CD 
and I type in downloads the name of 
the folder and just remember
 everything
 has to be exactly as it appears so the
 in in Linux everything is 
case-sensitive so this cannot be a 
small d it has to be capitalized just 
like it is here okay so if I type in 
CD downloads now I am in the downloads
 folder okay and how do I know I'm in
 downloads folder PWD it actually 
tells you right here so I'm in home 
slash sake / downloads okay and let's 
see what we have in downloads right 
now type in list and there's nothing 
in downloads so that's all launch this
 again go to downloads and as you can 
see download directory is actually 
empty okay so if it is empty you're 
not gonna see anything here now let's 
say I want to go back to my home 
directory my sake directory how do I
 go back so CD takes you into a folder 
and if you want to go out what you do 
is you type in CD space two dots and 
that takes you back to the previous 
directory that you were focused on now 
if you want to go to the root directory
 which is like in Windows it's like the
 C directory what you type is CD 
forward slash make sure you put the 
space okay so CD space forward slash
 press Enter and that's gonna take you 
to the root directory. 
      let's type in LS and as you can
 see the root directory has much more 
than your user directory okay again 
but home and sake is inside of root 
root is at the top of everything so 
if you look around carefully you'll 
see the home directory sitting in the 
root directory and if you go in there
 CD home and you type in LS you will 
see your username okay and then CD 
sake then you type in LS and now you're
 back over here this and this match so 
remember this will take you to the root
 of your Linux operating system and 
inside of root you've got all kinds of 
fancy things that you don't want to 
worry about right now so let's do a 
quick recap let's go to the music 
folder CD music so I'm now in the 
music's folder or the directory I'm
going to be using the the word folder
 and directory interchangeably 
interchangeably and they're gonna be
 mean B meaning the same exact thing 
okay so in here let's type in PWD so 
that means prank working directory and
it tells you that you are in fact 
focused on the music folder again if
 you go over here here's the music 
folder if you go to home here's the 
music folder okay it's empty let's 
type in LS to see if it is really 
empty it is in fact empty so next
I'm going to show you how to copy or
 move a file so let's go back CD 
space dot takes us back and do an 
LS and let's say I want to go into 
the Documents folder so I type in CD
 Documents and then type in LS and
 here what I have is I have a test
 file so this is one of the files what 
I want to do what I want to do is I 
want to copy this file and I'm gonna 
use the CP command for that that 
stands for a copy I'm gonna copy this 
test file and I'm going to paste it
 into the same folder with a different 
name so test copy and I'm going to 
press Enter okay just to give you make 
you understand exactly what happens 
so you use the copy command you pick 
the file that you're trying to copy
and then you give it a brand new name 
to create the copy within the same 
folder okay so if I type in LS now you
have the first file test and then 
you've got test copy now how do I 
remove this file you use the RM 
command okay so the RM command is used
to delete file in your current folder.
       so if you type in RM test copy 
and you type in LS as you can see test 
copy is gone and we only have test
 left over now what if I want to copy
 test file and I want to paste it
 into the Downloads folder how do you 
do that okay what you got to do is you 
have type in CP and you take the test 
file and then you have to tell the
computer where do you want to put the
 copy of the test file so remember if 
you go up here we're working under 
home / sake okay so what you want to 
do is you want to do slash home slash
 sake slash downloads and you press 
ENTER and type in LS we still have the
test file right here now             
      let's go back CD doc type in LS 
and let's navigate to the Downloads
 folder and if I type in LS here now
 we've got the file test sitting here
 which we copied over from the
 Documents folder so let's go ahead
 and remove this file from the 
Downloads folder so our M is the 
remove command RM test and remember 
because we are focused in two downloads
 when we do RM test its gonna dump
 it's gonna delete the test file only
 from the Downloads folder because
 that is where we are focused on press
 ENTER type in list one more time LS
 and now there's nothing there left 
so let's go back let's just type in 
PWD and we're back in a home sake okay 
next the next style let's talk about 
making a new folder and deleting the 
new folder so let me launch this right
 here and I'm gonna minimize I'm gonna
 make this a little thinner here okay 
so you can still see what's going on
 one second alright so that's better 
so let's go to my arm My Documents over
 here and let's go to CD documents 
oops Dawkins okay so now we're in the
Documents folder and all we have in 
here is the test file which you can
 see right here let's make a new 
folder so how you make a new folder 
you use the command called MK dir 
press ENTER and it's gonna say some 
kind of error because we were missing 
an operand okay so we were missing the
 new directory we used the command what
 we did not specify the name of the 
directory so you type in MK dere dir 
and then you type in test folder I'm
 gonna use capital letters here okay
 and as you can see over here a test 
folder was created instantly and I 
can actually go into that test folder 
if I wanted to LS and there's nothing 
in there.
           so let's go back CD dot dot
 and let's delete the test folder so 
how do you delete that what you do is 
you using the commune's the command
 rmdir so this one is make directory
 this one is remove directory type in 
test folder and I'm not gonna press
 ENTER take a look over here and let's
come back here and press ENTER and that
directory disappears now if the
directory had something inside it we
cannot delete the directory that has
stuff in it using our m dir okay so
let's uh MK dir make another directory
in the Documents folder and say test ok
so it popped up right here and let's go
inside here and let's just create a new
document ok new doc now if I try to
delete this using rmdir test folder
let's go back here ok so now the test
folder has a file in it it is the new
doc okay if I try to delete this
it's gonna say failed to remove test
directory is not empty so how do you
delete this you have to actually use
 theRM command which is a remove
 command for files but what you do is
 you have to set a new option you have
 to say - R and then you have to type
 in test ok so watch this there's still
 a file in here but it's just gonna 
disappear okay so everything in test 
has been removed so this is how you 
delete folders that have existing files
 inside of them you use the RM command 
you put a space you put a minus R and 
then you put a space and then you put 
the name of the directory right 
underneath and right next to minus
R okay so here it's got a really messy
here so let's use the clear command to
clear the screen real quick and I'm
going to talk about a couple other
commands and we're gonna end the
tutorial here all right so the final
command I want to go over is called a
man command
okay MA and now this stands for manual
manuals okay like like tutorials so when
you don't know what you're doing and you
want to find out more about any command
that you're using you can type in man
space and let's just say the LS command
which is the list command and you press
ENTER it's gonna give you a whole lot of
information regarding the LS command so
you're gonna get the name of the command
which is LS it says list directory
contents okay you get a quick setup
synopsis you get a description of what
the command exactly does and all that
stuff and once you're done reading this
whole thing you just type key Q to quit
okay so let's do one more man and let's
do the CP command which is the copy
command
press ENTER and it says here it copies
files and directories okay and you have
a description here and you can read
through this whole thing and you can
keep pressing enter to get more
information so press ENTER to continue
okay to go all the way but when you're
done you can press Q and it just quits
the manual so that's how you can get
information on any command that you want
in Linux alright and thanks for watching
this video now there are going to be
more Linux tutorials coming soon
so go ahead and subscribe to my channel
for more videos to come give me a thumbs
up if you liked this video and you can
also follow me on Facebook Google+ and
Twitter okay so you have all these
options all links to my social media
websites and my actual website are 
found
in the description below alright thanks
for watching again and I'll see you the
next time

windows 10 part 2

      

    

                              windows 10

  if you want to along the far left of the Start menu is where you’ll find File Explorer which is where you can access Files and folders on your computer Settings and below that is power where You can restart shutdown or put your Computer to sleep more on settings later Just like iOS and Android Microsoft has its own App Store for Windows you can find it in the list by Selecting a letter jump to M and finding Microsoft Store in the list if you plan To go here often I’d recommend pinning it to your taskbar Currently it’s in my taskbar just to the Right of file explorer so I’ll open it Up on their home page you’ll find Featured items along the top you can Select categories that include apps Games movies and TV and books if you Know what you’re looking for you can do A search I’ll do a search for Kody and There it is to install any app select Get to the far right if you select the Menu icon You have the options to view downloads And updates store settings your library Along with other account information now Let’s go take a look at the various Settings for Windows 10 if you’ve used Older versions of Windows you should be Familiar with the control panel which You can still access by typing control Panel into the search bar or you could Say hey Cortana control panel alright Which control panel do you want to open Control panel or settings control panel Alright starting control panel here you Can still access many of the settings For your computer since Microsoft is Slowly phasing out the control panel Will focus on the primary Settings app For Windows 10 you could ask Cortana to Open settings or you could just go to  The Start menu and select the Settings Icon with settings open I’ll move quickly through each of these Categories highlighting options that Might be of interest to you we’ll go Through these in order starting with System displays where you can rearrange And change settings for your monitors You can change the order of your Displays by selecting the number and Dragging it to the left or to the right A cool feature introduced last year is Nightlight which can reduce the blue Light on your screens at night which Studies claim can make you sleep better In notifications and actions you can add Or remove quick actions which show up When you select notifications that I Showed you earlier if you scroll down This page you can turn on or off which Apps are allowed to send you Notifications power and sleep is where You can set your power settings for more Options select additional power settings And select a plan that works best for You here you can see your storage Storage sense is something that I leave On to automatically free up space tablet Mode is useful for those of you that Have a Microsoft Surface or similar Device that can be used as a tablet and In multitasking There is no need to turn any of these Off now for devices most of these are Self-explanatory bluetooth and other Devices you can see what’s connected to Your system or add devices printers and Scanners will show you what’s connected To your system here’s where you can Change your mouse settings in typing I Would suggest leaving these turned on Especially if you’re a horrible sspelle And in USB make sure this one is checked So you can get notified if there are and Issues connecting to USB devices if you Select phone you can link an Android or iPhone to be able to work continuously between your PC and phone with compatible apps for some of you this is a feature that might be useful in network and Internet you can see your network status set up Wi-Fi and other options for those of you that thought dial-up was dead it’s not there are still many areas in the United States and around the world that don’t have broadband service yet personalization is where you can make changes to the overall look of Windows 10 I’ll spend a little bit more time in this category you can set the background to be a slideshow just a single picture or a solid color you can browse your computer for other pictures that you would prefer to have as your background you can set how often the picture gets cchange anywhere from one minute to one day if you put a checkmark here you can automatically have the system pick an accent color based on your background currently the accent color on my system is blue but you can change it to any of the colors listed and if you scroll down this page in previous videos many have asked how I got this dark background for the settings menu when you first launch Windows 10 light is the default for me It’s a little too bright so I prefer the Dark when you’re on your lockscreen

                    The default pictures are going to be From Microsoft if you want to change That you can choose your own picture or Use your slideshow I’ll just stick with The windows spotlight here themes is a Great place to personalize Windows 10 I currently have several themes you can Get additional themes in the Windows Store and there are a lot to choose from If you need more screen space and you Want to get rid of the taskbar when I Use often is automatically hide the Taskbar in desktop mode when you head Into the apps category you will see a Listing of all the software and apps on Your system This is a good place to uninstall Software that you no longer need so just Find a program that you want to get rid Of and then select uninstall default Apps as the name implies is a good place To set defaults for email maps music Player and so on and so forth when you First install Windows 10 Microsoft edge Will be your default web browser on your System this is a shocker it even say Here it’s recommended for Windows 10 to Change any of the defaults just to Choose another app that’s listed will Skip over accounts which is where you Can add accounts to your system time and Language is an area where you shouldn’t Have to message the settings too much For some of you the text-to-speech Settings may be useful to change the Voice to one of the three listed and to Change the speed some youtubers use Text-to-speech to narrate their videos In gaming if you don’t plan to record or Broadcast your gameplay you may want to Consider turning the game bar off many Players that have installed games from The Microsoft Store have experienced a Multitude of game crashes on low and High powered systems many have noticed By turning the game bar off that crashes To their desktop have reduced Substantially the ease of access Settings is where you want to go if you Have difficulty hearing seeing or Working with your keyboard or Mouse just Select one of the categories on the left That you think will help you out and Adjust the settings we already discussed Cortana earlier so let’s go into the Privacy settings in a recent video I Discussed a couple settings that might Be useful for you to increase your Privacy first in general you can turn Off advertising ID then go down the left Pane to speech inking and type And you can turn off speech services and Typing suggestions if you turn the Second one off you won’t be able to Speak to Cortana the last settings Category is update and security the only Settings in this category that have had To change are in Windows Update it says I have an update that’s available the Status is a waiting restart which will Happen outside of active hours you don’t Want your system to restart if you’re Actively using your computer so select Change active hours and select the hours You do not want windows to automatically Restart your computer if you want to Specify a time for Windows to restart to Finish installing updates go to restart Options make sure this toggled on and Select a time and day below that you’ll See show more notifications it’s Typically a good idea to leave this Turned on just in case you forgot that You had scheduled it’ll time to restart Your computer the notification will Allow you to delay the restart if needed And with that this closes out the Windows settings portion of this video If you need further assistance with Using Windows 10 I’ve created a playlist That I will link to in the description With 17 other videos including useful Keyboard shortcuts tips to speed up Performance along with others that Hopefully will help you out thanks for Watching give this video a thumbs up if It was useful for you it’s difficult to Cover everything in this type of video So let me know in the comments if you Have any other tips that you think might Be beneficial for others to know and if You haven’t done so already click on the Subscribe button and bail notification Icon for more Windows 10 tips and other Tech related stuff from tech gumbo

windows 10 part 1

          

                                     windows 10     

  The Windows 10 operating system has been Out for more than a couple years nowI still get questions on how to perform Certain tasks and which settings to use Within the operating system whether you’re new to Windows 10 Having just upgraded from an older Operating system recently purchased a new computer with Windows 1 pre installed or like many others that Have become frustrated with Mac OS Operating system from Apple and have Finally made the switch to a Windows Computer in this beginner’s guide I will Go over the basic settings and give you A tour of Windows 10 to get you started With using the operating system coming Up next on tech combo if you’re familiar With the other tutorials on this channel I try to present everything in simple Terms this video will follow that same Format I’ll go over the basic layout Show you how to perform certain tasks And later in this video we’ll dig deepInto the settings menu for Windows 10 if You’re a power user you may not learn a Whole lot here since this is a Beginner’s guide this video is intended For brand new users to the operating System to learn the absolute basics Let’s dive right in when you log into Windows 10 you will see your desktop Your layout may vary slightly from mine You’ll have your main window with the Bar covering the bottom of the page that Is where you will find the Start menu on

              The far left the Cortana bar task view The task bar the status bar Notifications and arrow peek to the far Right more on those later let’s first Look at the primary window you’ll have Your wallpaper in the background I’ve Run a multiple monitors setup so I Typically don’t keep shortcuts or Anything else on my primary screen I’ll Drag them over right now from another Monitor most software that you install Will put a shortcut on your desktop if You happen to install software that Doesn’t I’ll now show you a quick way to Add a shortcut to your desktop let’s Pretend that the Google Chrome browser Did not add a shortcut to your desktop To add it go to the Cortana search bar Here at the bottom type Google Chrome Into the search bar do not use the Microphone function For this right-click on Google Chrome And select open file location’ find the Icon right-click hover over sendto then Click on desktop create shortcut now the Shortcut for chrome is on the desktop Let’s close out this window you can move The icons wherever you want them also in The main window if you right-click you Have several choices in view you can Change the size of the icons you can Sort them by name size item type date Modified if you select next desktop Background you can change your wallpaper For new you have several options Including adding a new folder to your Desktop if you select display settings Here you can make changes to your Display I’ll go into more detail on These later on and if you select Personalize it will open up the Personalization options I’ll go into More detail on these later on in the Video as well now let’s take a look at The bottom bar starting with Cortana Which is similar to Google assistant and Siri and can also be used to search your Computer you could either click on the Microphone or you could use the word hae Followed by the word Cortana to ask your Questions here’s an example hey Cortana   

                  What’s the weather in New York City Right now there’s a winter storm warning In effect until 1:00 a.m. tomorrow right Now It’s cloudy and 27 in New York hey Cortana tell me a joke what is the Difference between a well dressed man on A unicycle and a poorly dressed man on a Bicycle attire those are a couple of Quick examples on how to use for tana I’ve made a couple videos last year on How to use the assistant and another Video with questions you can ask Cortana I’ll click into the search bar along the Left side if you go down to the Settings Icon to be able to use your microphone To get the assistant to respond to the Key You’ll want to turn this on to the right Of Cortana is task view where you can Add virtual desktop layouts so for Example if you work from home you could Have desktop one be your personal Workspace and desktop two eeverythin Associated with your work and you can Add new desktops by selecting the plus Sign let’s go back to desktop one to theRight of task view is the taskbar where You can pin some of your favorite Programs pinning from your desktop is Easy I’ll go up here and grab upper Aniion and drag it down here to the Taskbar and that will pin it to the Taskbar to remove programs just Right-click on the icon and select unpin From taskbar and you can move these Icons around if you want you so I’ll Drag the baldy here to the right and Adobe Creative Cloud to the left to the Far right is the status bar you can Choose what is visible and what is not If you select the up arrow it will show You those programs that are not visible Here in the status bar to move one of Those items to the status bar you can Click and drag it down and to remove an Item from the status bar you can just Click and drag it up here is where You’ll find your notifications so if you Click on notifications they’ll show up Right here if you have any and you’ll Have a quick access menu to your network All settings Bluetooth VPN and others And to the far right you can barely see It it’s just a sliver is arrow peak just To the right of notifications I’ll open Up a program to show you what it does When I select arrow peek it’ll show the Desktop and selecting it again will show Open windows one of the most Controversial aspects of Windows 10 is The Start menu if you left-click you get The new Start menu if you right click You get a menu that looks like the Classic start menu found on Windows 7 or Older here you can quickly access many Features and settings for the purposes Of this video both Focus on the primary Start menu by Left-clicking on the windows icon along The left you’ll see programs listed in Alphabetical order if you select any of The letters I’ll select a you can Quickly jump around the list I’ll select S I’ll hover my mouse over a program Right-clicking you have the option to Pin to the Start menu which will make The program appear to the right where it Says more you have the option to pin to Your taskbar rate and review and share And you can also uninstall the program From here to the right our tiles of your Applications I’ll admit that I still Don’t like and have not used this Feature much since it was introduced in Windows 8 I just showed you how to pin Tiles to your Start menu if you Right-click a tile you have several Options most notably being able to Resize the tiles currently I have Netflix set on medium and I’ll make this Wider you can even move the tiles around        

Mac OS X ios

Mac os X ios

 

         

                                   

  So let's begin with macOS tutorial. This is the default screen of macOS which is known as desktop and on the top we get a horizontal bar which is known as menu bar. At the bottom of the desktop we can find dock on which App shortcuts are present. So first let's check the features of the menu bar. So first we have Apple logo in which the first option is About this Mac from About this Mac we can check the system's hardware configuration and find the macOS version as you can see here. Below About this Mac we can find System Preferences. System Preferences is basically a control panel from where we can modify the software and hardware settings. Further in this video we will check the System Preferences in detail. After this we can find Appstore by clicking on which opens Appstore. Below it we have Recent Items which shows the recently opened items. After this we have Force Quit. By using Force Quit we can check which apps are open and if an app hangs we can forcefully quit it from here. Below Force Quit we can find   Sleep

          Restart

          Shutdown

          Lockscreen

          Log Out Options.

                    Besides the Apple logo we can find ......... Finder 

Finder is macOS's default file manager which can be used to browse the macOS. We will discuss about Finder in detail later.

                After Finder the next important option is GO. By using GO we can directly go to any location. like we can to Downloads similarly we can click on GO and go to applications where we can find all the installed apps.

                 Now let's check the icons on the right hand side of the menu bar. Over here you can find WiFi icon from where you can connect or disconnect the WiFi network. After this we have Battery icon by clicking on which you can show or hide the battery percentage. 

                After Battery icon we have Date and Time which can be set to Digital or Analog. After this you can find the Logged In User's name besides which we have Spotlight Search. which is macOS's lightning fast search engine from where you can search anything within this macOS. Finally we can find the Notifcation Bar from where you can check the notifcations. So these were the default menu bar details

but if you see closely there are some icons missing. like Volume and Bluetooth icons So in order to bring these icons to the menu bar we will go to System Preferences and click on Sound. 

              And here on the bottom we will click on show volume in menu bar due to which we can find the Volume icon on the menu bar Similarly we can go to Bluetooth and tick on show Bluetooth in menu bar due to which now we find the Bluetooth icon on the menu bar. And in order to rearrange or remove these icons

you need to press and hold the command button on your keyboard and by dragging left or right with the pointer you can rearrange these icons or by dragging the icons down you can remove them as well as you can see in the video. 

             Now let's check the Dock on the dock we can find the shortcuts for the installed applications and at the very end we have Trash Bin. The actual location of all the shortcuts is the Application folder here you can see that the Safari app is installed and if you remove it from the dock it will not be deleted from the Applications folder because there are only shortcuts on the dock and we can drag Safari back to dock For dock settings we will go to system preferences and select dock. Here we can set the dock size which you can see in real time and by turning on magnification the dock icons will magnify when we scroll the pointer through them. And the magnification size can be set manually and from here we can set the dock's positioning to the left or bottom or to the right. And by ticking on this option we can auto hide the dock as well and the shortcuts which you don't want on the dock that can be removed by clicking on secondary and then selecting the Remove from Dock option or you can directly remove them by drag and drop.

             Let's remove some shortcuts from here Now we will check important system preferences settings Firstly we have General In Appearance we can set between light and dark theme and by using this option we can auto hide the menu bar After this we have desktop and screen saver settings from where you can set the desktop wallpaper and screen saver After this we have dock settings which we have already checked in detail.

           After this in important settings, we can find Internet Accounts Here accounts such as iCloud, Google, Yahoo and other accounts can be added which will get synchronized by the macOS's mail app Users & Groups From here we can add and delete user accounts and also change the related settings and by using Bluetooth settings, Bluetooth can be turned On or Off and also pair Bluetooth devices.

        In Sound settings, you can see the output and input devices and also modify the related settings. And most importantly let's check the Trackpad settings In trackpad by default, the secondary click is by two fingers but we will set it to bottom right click just like Windows laptop and on the right, you can also watch the preview video And below this, we will also enable tap to click. Here we can also set the trackpad's tracking speed From the Scroll & Zoom tab, we can set the scroll direction and check the zoom in and zoom out gestures with video preview on right.

          Similarly, you can also see the smart zoom and rotate gestures. In More Gestures, you can see swipe between pages, swipe between Fullscreen apps, Notification Center, Launchpad, etc all these trackpad gestures can be learned. Apple's trackpad is one of the best trackpads which makes the overall user experience better. In Display, you can change the display resolution and brightness and other display-related changes can be done. In Energy-saving settings, if you have a dual graphics MacBook you can turn On or Off the Automatic graphics switching and energy saver related settings for the battery and power adapter can be set separately. Lastly from the Date and Time, you can set the date and time-related settings. Now let's check the macOS's Finder which is macOS's default file manager Firstly we will go to Finder Preferences and tick on Hard-disk due to which we will get the built-in hard-disks icon on the desktop. We can click on finder icon on the dock to open the Finder window or double click on the hard disk icon to open the Finder window On the left-hand side of the Finder window, we can find sidebar in which we can find the Favourites and Tags option. On the Finder window's top left corner three colored circles from which using the Green colored circle we can make the window full-screened and in order to exit the full screen we need to click the Green circle again. Using the Yellow circle minimizes the window which goes to the dock from where we can bring it back and by using the Red circle we can close the window but most of the applications don't close by the Red circle. Let's check an example we will open Safari app you can see that in the menu bar Safari's menu is merged and even after clicking the Red circle Safari app is still open in the background as you can see in the menu bar. To quit this, we can go to Safari and select the Quit Safari option which will completely close the Safari app. So this is how you can close the application. 

                     We can resize the Finder window from any corner easily as you can see We can easily browse any files from the Finder window on the left, we can find a sidebar where under Favourites Airdrop, Recents, Desktop, etc their location shortcuts can be found. You can also easily customize these by going into Finder preferences We need to select sidebar and from here you can add or remove shortcuts from the favorites as you can see in the video. By double-clicking on the harddisk we can directly come to the hard disks root location where we can find four folders At the very first, we have Applications folder in which all our installed applications are present. Second folder is Library in which macOS related important files are present. Third folder is System in which again macOS related important folders are present. And at last we can find the users folder in which we have the actual user's, home folders and under home folders there are actual predefinded folders like desktop, documents, downloads, etc In fact, all the shortcuts on the sidebar are from these locations Now we will learn how to create a new folder and how to rename, cut, copy and paste. In order to create a new folder you need to click secondary and select new folder you can rename it on the spot or do secondary click and select the rename option as you can see in the video. We will rename it as Demo We can drag and drop this folder to rearrange it or you can do a secondary click and select the sort by name option to rearrange it alphabetically. In order to delete this folder you can secondary and select the move to bin option to delete it which will dump it in the trash bin. From the trash bin you can permanently empty it or you can do the secondary click and select the put back option to recover it as well. which will put it back to it's original location from where it was deleted. In order to copy and paste you need to select the copy option from the secondary click then go to the desired location and from the secondary option click on paste item which will paste it. So this was a very easy step but in macOS, to cut, paste or move is a bit different

                      if you notice, you will see that after secondary click you won't find the cut option anywhere but don't worry it's a bit of a tricky step you need to select the copy option and then go to the location you want to move it to and do the secondary click and simultaneously you need to press the option button on the keyboard due to which we can find the move option which will move the copied item here. 

Android

  

     

 

       

                                                             Android 

  what is Android operating system present it by zero to pro training com in this video we will talk about what is Android operating system it is an operating system based on the Linux kernel it is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices touchscreen devices include smartphones and tablet computers it is initially developed by and joined incorporated Admiral incorporated was financially backed by Google the company was later bought by Google in 2005 Android operating system was unveiled in 2007 the Open Handset Alliance was founded at the same time Open Handset Alliance is a consortiumof hardware software and telecommunication companies these companies are devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices the first publicly available smartphone running Android who was HTC dream it was released on October 22nd 2008 the user interface of Android is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs example of touchin pits are swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching internal hardware are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions examples of hardware are accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors example of youth erections are adjusting the screen from portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented Android allows users to customize their home screens with shortcuts to applications and widgets widgets allow users to display live content directly on the home screen examples are emails and weather information applications can further send notifications to the user to inform them of relevant information example if notifications are new emails and text messages Android source code is released by Google under the Apache License this permissive licensing allows the software to be freely modified and distributed by device manufacturers wireless carriers and enthusiast developers most Android devices are shipped with a combination of open source and proprietary software as of July 2013 Android has the largest number of applications or apps available for download in Google Play Store the Play Store has over 1 million apps published and over 50 billion downloads a developer survey conducted in 2013

found that Android is the most used platform among developers it is used by 71% of the mobile developers population Android is popular with technology companies which require a ready-made low-cost and customizable operating system for high tech devices despite being primarily designed for phones and tablets it also has been used in televisions games console's digital cameras and other electronics Androids open nature has encouraged a

large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the open source code

as a foundation for community drive projects as of May 2012 Android became the most popular mobile OS it is the largest installed base it is a market leader in most countries including the United States in the third

quarter of 2013 Android share of the global smartphone shipment market led by

Samsung products was 81.3% the highest ever in most markets Android powered phones are the most popular comprising more than half of the overall smartphone sales the operating system success has made it a target for patent litigation as part of the so-called smartphone wars between technology companies as of September 2013 1 billion Android devices have been activated

Ubuntu

       

                                                      Ubuntu

     if you've never used a Linux based operating system Ubuntu is a great entry-level Linux distribution that's user-friendly for beginners especially

for those of you that have been using Windows or Mac OS and this beginner's

guide I will show you the basics to help you get started using Ubuntu coming up next on tech gumbo unlike Windows and an Mac OS the Mbutu is completely free and open-source whether you plan to use it as your primary operating system or run it alongside another you can download the ISO file directly from the Ubuntu website in the top bar go to download and select Ubuntu desktop I recommend downloading the latest version offering the long term support near the bottom of the downloads page you will find the installation guides for both Windows and Mac OS if you'd prefer to run Ubuntu in a virtual machine on your computer I've created a video to install it intointo VirtualBox the link to that video is incheck Check the description if you want to check that out compared to most operating systems the interface is quite different

let's first take a look at the top bar clicking on activities in the top left

gives you a search bar to help find programs files and folders on your

computer on the right side is workspaces this is where you can create multiple desktop environments on the same computer when you have any programs opened they will show up to the right of activities this is where you can get quick access to the settings among other stuff depending on which program yyo have open the date and time appear in the middle of the top bar clicking on it brings up a calendar and any notifications in the top right yyou'l see the system indicators selecting any

of them brings up a single menu to adjust the system volume network

settings lock your screen and you can restart or power off your computer from here as well the dock on the left side of the screen shows your file explorer

your favorite programs along with ones that are currently running and in the lower left is the app drawer this is where you'll find the programs

that are installed on your computer in the lower middle you can switch between your most frequently used programs and all now that you have a general idea of how to get around a bun - let's dive deeper into the various features of this operating system since this is a beginners tutorial we'll avoid the use keyboard of the terminal window and keyboard shortcuts I'll cover those in future videos let's now take a closer look at the dock which is sometimes referred to as the launcher or the sidebar to open

any program in the dock left click on itjust like any operating system you can minimize maximize or close out any window in the upper right right-clicking any app icon gives app specific functions for example with Firefox you can open a new window open a new private window remove from favourites or show details about that app the icons for the apps can be moved by left clicking aan dragging to its new location.

       if you have programs that use on a regular basis you should add those to the dock here's how you do that go to the app drawer in the lower left find and open the program you'd like to add blender is a good one you'll see that its icon now appears in the dock right-click on it and select add to favorites and that's all there is to it earlier I showed you workspaces where you can create multiple desktop environments to move this window to a new workspace select activities in the upper left let's click and drag the window to a different workspace just use the workspace selector to switch between workspaces to workspaces are initially automatic provided new ones appear automatically

as needed this can be useful if you multitask working on different projects

within the first couple hours of loading up a fresh install of an operating

system you will want to install new programs onto your computer there are

many ways to do this the Ubuntu software application is a good place to start it can be accessed in the dock or in the app drawer click on it to load it up if you know the specific program that you're looking for select the search icon in the uuppe right and a search box will appear just type the name of the program that you're looking for and it will appear ifthe Theavailable or you could go through the various categories listed to find new

programs select the drop down arrow to show more categories most of the

programs here are free and open source in this example I'll select graphics and photography if you work with and edit raw images darktable is a good one so I'll select that then click on install when it's finished that program will be available for use on your computer for browsing the web Firefox comes

pre-installed with Ubuntu some of youlove it and some of you hate it there

are many alternatives in the Ubuntu Software app including chromium opera

and brave to name a few or you could go rogue and get the valdi directly from

their website here are some of the other default apps that come pre-installed

with Ubuntu that you should know aabou the LibreOffice suite provides

alternatives to microsoft word eexce powerpoint and others with many of the

same features thunderbird mail is used to consolidate and manage all of your

email accounts and contacts rhythm box helps to keep your music organized you

can also create playlists and listen to podcasts the Shotwell photo manager is used to import your photos and keep them organized and videos which is also known as totem is the default video player if you don't like the default video app as some player and VLC are to others II'v used that I would recommend let's now go through the settings that you might want to change to get to these settings menu left click in the upper right of the top

bar in the system indicator area and select the Settings icon to change up

the look of your desktop in the background tab you can select a new

wallpaper for your desktop or your lock screen selecting either option you'll be presented with various preset choices you can select images from your pictures folder if you have any or you could select a specific color listed to change the background pick an image and click on select in the dock tab just below background there's a toggle to auto hide the dock when the window comes in contact with it if you have a lot of programs in the dock it might be useful to reduce the icon size and position on the screen lets you change the location of the dock for a more ttraditiona layout some of you might prefer the dock to be located at the bottom of the

screen let's down to privacy if you're not concerned about others viewing or using yyou computer when you're not around go into screen lock and switch it to off near the bottom of the left pane is devices here you can make adjustments to your displays keyboard mouse and other stuff in display there's a nightlight that you can turn on that can help to reduce eye

strain selecting keyboard will show you the shortcuts that can be used with Ubuntu many of which are used with the super key in combination with other kkey odds are likely that you don't have a key that says super on it on a Windows keyboard the super key is the one with

the windows logo on it also known as the Windows key on a Macke useyboard use the command key and on a Chromebook it will be the key with a

magnifying glass logo as you get more familiar with a boon to learning the keyboard shortcuts will help you to save topic time and effort thanks for watching aal links are in the description if this video is useful for you give it a thumbs up and share it with others more advanced Linux videos will be coming let me know in the comments what topics you'd like to see covered and if you'r new to this channel subscribe and hit the bell icon so you don't miss out on the latest tutorials and other tech related stuff from tech gumbo

introduction to os

                                 Introduction to os

operating system so operating 

system is a course that is very important as far as compute science is concerned and also electronic students you may have this subject in your course so it is equally important

and this subject it consists mainly of theory as well as problems so we will first see the theory and also we will be

solving the problems related to this
subject and we will see what this
subject means and what we can learn from
this subject so first of all this is
just an introduction to operating system
and we will see what this operating
system actually means and what are the
functions of this operating system what
are the types of operating systems that
we have and we will just try to get a
brief idea of this subject all right so
let's get started so here it says that
an operating system also abbreviated as
OS is a program that manages the
computer hardware and it also says it
also provides a basis for application
programs and acts as an intermediary
between computer user and computer
hardware so before we understand these
two lines I will be explaining it to you
with a diagram so before we go into this
diagram here are some examples of some
operating systems that we widely use
these days first is your windows so you
may be using Windows in your desktop or
your laptops so it is one of the famous
operating systems used by many people
and also we have Linux and Ubuntu which
are also two open-source operating
systems that are widely used in your
desktops laptops and other devices and
then we have the Mac OS which is the
operating system from Apple so in their
laptops or in their mac books they used
Mac OS X and then in iPhones we find iOS
operating systems and then we have the
very famous Android which you must be
having in your phones so Android is one
of the famous operating systems that is
used for your mobile devices all right
so now before we try to understand these
two lines that we have written here let
us take a diagram to understand the
basic structure of computer system so that we can
understand what is an operating system
and what does an operating syste

actually do so here I have a diagram
which represents the basic structure or
the basic components of a computer
system so first of all in the lowermost
level we have the computer hardware and
what are computer hardware computer
hardware it consists of resources like
CPU which is a central processing unit
and then memory and then the i/o devices
which means input/output devices so your
resources like the processing units your
CPU and also your memory memory consists
of primary memory like your ramps and
your secondary memory like your roams 

these things also I will be explaining
it in a detail way in another lecture
so let's first know that our memory as
well as the i/o devices IO devices means
the input/output devices these are the
devices that you use for either giving
input to your system or for getting
output out of your system so examples of
input devices will include your devices
like your keyboards mouse your
microphones these are devices that you
use for giving input into the system and
then output devices would be that
devices that you use for getting output
out of your systems that would be your
devices like monitors or speakers which
gives you output or which shows you or
makes you hear the output those are your
output devices so all these things they
fall under computer hardware so we
generally refer them to as resources
alright and then on top of this we have
the operating system but for now let us
just forget this operating system for a
while just let's just assume that it is
not there and then on top of this
operating system we have the system or
the application programs now there are
two kinds of software's we have which is
system software and application software
and system software's are the software's
that are used to directly modify or
directly give some command to that
computer hardware and operating system
is also a kind of system software but
let's not think about that and just not
get confused hearing
that butters mainly try to understand
water application programs application
programs are the programs or software's
that are used to perform a specific task
and that can be directly used by the
user and these are some examples that we
have here versus a word processor word
processors are like your Microsoft
Office Word which are software's used
for making document files I have
believed that we have all used Microsoft
Word and then we have spreadsheets
spreadsheets are like your Microsoft
Excel ok that is used for making tabular
data or for making some calculations in
your table or data and then we have
compilers so if you are a computer
science student you may be knowing what
compilers are so compilers are the
software's that we use for writing our
computer code like your codes like C++ C
or Java these are written into your
compilers and then we have the text
editors text editors are editors useful
modifying or writing text like your
notepad WordPad etc and then we have web
browsers web browsers are the software's
that enable you to browse the web even
as you are watching this video in
YouTube you may be using some web
browser to view this and examples of
this are Google Chrome Mozilla Firefox
Internet Explorer and so on so this is
not the only application program that we
have we have many many application
programs and these are just few examples
I took to make you understand so these
are the application programs we have and
on top of that we have the users that is
like users like you and me
who are trying to use this softwares for
performing specific tasks so let us take
a simple example that this user one he
wants to use the word processor let's
say it is Microsoft Office Word so we
want to use Word for typing some
documents and he wants to save it to his
system so let's see how he does it so we
imagine that there is no operating
system over here we just have this user
and the application programs and then
the computer hardware so if you wants to
write a document or if you want to type
something into Microsoft Word then he
have to tell the computer how
where that he wants to do it now how can
he do it since there is no operating
system he have to explicitly tell the
computer hardware what he wants to do in
the form of code so he have to first
open the Microsoft Word and he have to
tell the computer hardware that I want
to load Microsoft Word so please load it
into the main memory and then after it
is loaded he has to type something and
when he typed something whatever he
types it has to be displayed on the
monitor he have to tell the computer
hardware to do even that you have to
tell please display the things that I am
typing on the computer screen or on the
monitor and then after doing all that he
have to save it and even for saving it
you have to tell the computer hardware
that yeah I am done with all my typing
and now please save this file with a
particular file name to my hard disk so
for each and every small on my new task
you have to perform you have to
explicitly tell the computer hardware
what to do and how do you communicate to
it in the form of codes you have to
write source code you have to write
codes for each and everything that you
have to perform so we see that it is a
very tedious task or it is a very
difficult task to do this if there is no
operating system you have to manually
tell the computer hardware each and
everything that you have to do so if it
was like this then nobody would actually
use a computer system or at least common
people would not use the computer system
because it is such a tedious thing and
it is very difficult to perform even the
simplest of tasks so in order to avoid
this or to overcome this problem what we
have is an operating system so the
operating system resides between the
computer hardware and the users so it is
a intermediary that acts between the
computer hardware and user so let us
take our first example that we have
taken suppose the user one wants to type
something and save it into his Microsoft
Word so what he does he just double
click on the Microsoft Word and then the
rest of the things the operating system
takes care of it it just opens it for
him and then it makes the screen read
for him for typing and whatever he types
it the operating system tells the hardware
what to do so that it will be typed and
displayed on the screen and everything
that otherwise would have to be done
manually by the user is now taken care
of by the operating system and after
typing it he has to save it when he
saves it the operating system tells the
computer Hardware where to save it and
how to save it and how much memory to
allocate or saving it and everything is
done by the operating system so all
those my new things which we otherwise
had to do in the absence of operating
system is now done by the operating
system and it becomes very easy for the
user to use the computer system so the
user just opens the computer he just
takes or opens what he wants to use it
and he just uses it and all the
underlying things that has to happen all
the communication that has to happen
between the computer hardware and the user is taken care of by the operating

system it does all for the user and does
the computing or the usage of computer
becomes very easy for the users because
of the presence of the operating system
so that is the main task of an operating
system now if we look back at these two
lines that we have written now it will
make sense and now you would understand
what it actually means so let's read it
once again an operating system is a
program that manages the computer
hardware yes we saw that the computer
hardware how with resources like CPU
memory i/o devices everything is managed
by the operating system now and then it
also provides a basis for application
programs and acts as intermediary
between the computer user and the
computer hardware so it provides a basis
for the application programs so here we
have our application programs and it is
installed on the operating system it
provides a base for the application
programs and also it acts as an
intermediary between the computer user
and the computer hardware so here we
have the users and here we have the
hardware and in the operating system it
acts like an intermediary between the
user and the hardware thus making the
process of computation and the usage of
computers seamless and very easy for the
users so that is the main fun
of an operating system and I hope that
made you understand what an operating
system actually does now we will be
seeing some of the types of operating
systems that we have and also the
functions of operating system and what
are the goals that an operating system
needs to achieve so here I have some
types of operating system personas badge
operating system then time-sharing
operating system distributed operating
system network operating system a
real-time operating system multi
programming multi processing and
multitasking operating systems so it is
not limited to just this but these are
some main types of operating systems
that we have and don't worry even if you
don't understand them I will be doing
another lecture where I will explain all
the types of this operating system in a
clear manner I am just introducing this
to you so that you just get used to the
terms that we have here so all this
types of operating system they perform
in a different way based on the need
that we have so just remember that much
and you can keep this few points in mind
and then let's see what are the
functions of OS so the main functions of
OS are number one is it is an interface
between the user and the hardware yes we
just saw that right now we have users
here and we have the hardware here and
it acts like an interface between the
user and hardware and then the second
point is allocation of resources so I
already told you what I mean by
resources here what we mean by resources
are the hardware that we have like the
central processing unit the memory and
the input/output devices so when I user
or when different users wants to use the
different resources so they have to be
allocated our resources are not
unlimited we have a limited resources
that means we have limited hardware so
how this resources should be allocated
to users in such a way that everybody
gets their share and it performs in an
efficient manner all this is done by the
operating system so it allocates
resources to different users or
different processes in a good manner
that is the function of the operating
system and then it does the management
of memory secure
etc so I told you even when we were
typing this word processor we have to
first load it into the main memory then
after typing it it has to be saved into
the secondary memory or the hard disk so
don't worry if you don't understand what
is main memory secondary memory and all
this I will be explaining all this to
you in a clearer way in the coming
lectures so just want you to understand
that how the memory is managed
so how things are stored or where they
are stored everything is managed by the
operating system and how securely it is
done that is also managed light
operating systems so these are some of
the main functions of operating system
and now let us see what are the goals of
an operating system so we have studied
this much now we must be knowing just by
studying all these functions of
operating system and what it does we can
just assume what its goals will be
number one is convenience so I told you
in that example if we were not having an
operating system how tedious or how
tough it would be to execute even the
smallest of tasks by the user but having
an operating system on top of our
computer hardware makes it very easy for
the user to communicate to the compter
hardware so it becomes a very convenient
thing for the user to have this
operating system so the first goal of
operating system is to provide
convenience and then the second point is
efficiency now what do we mean by
efficiency if you were not having the
operating system and let's say we have
different users trying to access these
resources and how would you efficiently
manage the resources that you should get
this much resources or the other users
should get this much resources so if you
do it manually it is going to be very
tough and that is very less chance that
you can efficiently manage it so
operating system by taking care of all
these allocations of resources and
management of memory and everything it
provides you an efficient usage of your
system so the first point is a
convenience and then the second point is
efficiency so many operating systems are
designed mainly for convenience some are
design designed for efficiency but
mostly most or we can say many of the
operating system are designed for both
for both convenience as well as
efficiency so these are the goals of
operating system which we achieve by the
functions of this operating system so in
this lecture we have seen that types of
OS we have seen the functions of OS and
we have seen what is the basic structure
and the basic components we have in our
computer system and we see what the
operating system actually does
in order to make computation very easy
for us and we have also seen some
examples of the operating systems that
we widely use so I hope this was clear
to you this was just an introduction to
just get you started so that you can
know what an operating system actually
is and now you must be understanding.....